lyophilised powder raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
This page was last updated on 2026-06-18 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its design combines the ACTH(4-7) core fragment with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension, a modification intended to improve stability and prolong activity. The molecule is hydrophilic, carries no lipid chains or glycosylation, and has a theoretical mass just over 810 daltons in its free form. All seven residues are proteinogenic amino acids, so no non-natural building blocks appear in the backbone. A free N-terminal methionine and C-terminal proline define the unmodified parent peptide.
The compound was developed during the 1980s at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow as part of research on fragments of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Early work examined short ACTH-derived sequences that retained neurotrophic effects while lacking the endocrine activity of the full hormone. Semax entered clinical use in Russia during the 1990s, where it received registration for several neurological indications. Outside that region it remained primarily a laboratory research material rather than an approved therapeutic. English-language literature on it grew more slowly and frequently cited the original Russian studies.
Terminology around the compound varies by source. It appears in catalogues and papers as Semax, as the heptapeptide ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro, and under various alphanumeric laboratory codes used by individual suppliers. These names refer to the same sequence but may imply different salt forms, purity grades, or counter-ions. Peptide databases usually list the free base mass, while product descriptions sometimes report acetate or trifluoroacetate salts with a different formula weight. Because naming conventions for research peptides are not standardised across vendors, checking the declared sequence and measured mass is more reliable than relying on a trade name alone.
溶液状态的稳定性明显低于冻干粉。肽类在水溶液中可能经历水解、氧化与聚集，其中甲硫氨酸和天冬酰胺等残基常是敏感位点。Semax 含有甲硫氨酸，因此氧化风险相对突出。工作液一般主张现配现用，或冷藏并在数日内用尽。缓冲液种类、pH 和离子强度都会影响降解速率，而关于最佳条件的公开数据并不统一。
常规纯度与身份确认依赖反相高效液相色谱，并辅以质谱测定分子量。氨基酸组成分析可用于验证序列构成，肽图分析则能进一步定位修饰或降解产物。杂质谱通常关注缺失序列肽、截短片段和氧化产物。不同方法的检出限并不相同，因此各实验室报告的纯度数值不宜直接横向比较。
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic heptapeptide | ACTH(4-7) analogue |
| Sequence | Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro | Free N terminus, unmodified side chains |
| Molecular weight | 813.9 Da | Free base; salt forms differ |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilised solid |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water | Hydrophilic; polar solvents preferred |
Published research on this peptide originates mainly from Russian laboratories, and the wider international literature is comparatively thin. Studies have used rodent models of stroke, hypoxia, and memory tasks, with a smaller number of human trials reported. Reported outcomes include changes in attention and memory measures, along with effects on neurotrophic factor expression in some experiments. Small sample sizes, inconsistent dosing protocols, and limited independent replication are widely noted limitations, so the strength of the clinical evidence remains an open question.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide whose sequence is Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. The first four residues correspond to the ACTH(4-10) fragment, while the terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension was added to improve metabolic stability. Its molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and its monoisotopic mass is approximately 813.9 Da. The compound is classified as a peptide research chemical and as a registered pharmaceutical product in Russia, but it does not hold marketing approval in the European Union or the United States. Naming conventions vary across supplier catalogs.
Development of the compound took place in the Soviet Union during the 1980s, largely through peptide research groups affiliated with the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute and Moscow State University. Investigators screened fragments of adrenocorticotropic hormone for activity on the central nervous system while attempting to separate cognitive effects from hormonal ones. The shortened sequence was selected because it retained behavioral activity in animal models without stimulating corticosteroid release. Early publications described the molecule as an ACTH(4-10) analog.
Solid semax is typically supplied as a lyophilised powder that is hygroscopic and sensitive to moisture, light, and repeated temperature cycling. Long-term storage of the dry peptide is generally recommended at approximately -20 degrees Celsius, while shorter working periods may use refrigeration at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius. Vials should remain tightly closed and desiccated when brought to room temperature, because condensation can damage the material before it is weighed. Dividing a batch into aliquots is preferable to thawing one container repeatedly.
Dissolution is normally performed in water, phosphate-buffered saline, or normal saline, since the peptide is freely soluble in aqueous media and is rarely handled with strong organic solvents. Solution pH should be kept near neutral, because extreme acidity or alkalinity accelerates backbone hydrolysis and encourages oxidation of the methionine side chain. Once dissolved, the material is less stable than the dry powder and is commonly divided into single-use portions and frozen. Buffers containing primary amines, such as Tris, are often avoided because of possible side reactions.
Laboratory descriptions of the material are consistent across suppliers. It appears as a white to off-white lyophilized powder that dissolves readily in water and in polar organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. Aqueous solutions are clear and colorless at low concentrations. Because the peptide contains methionine, oxidation at the sulfur atom is a recognized degradation pathway, and handling notes usually call for protected, desiccated storage. Reported purity for research-grade lots is generally above 95 percent as measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
The compound is registered in Russia as a pharmaceutical product, most commonly formulated as a nasal solution, and has been used in that setting since the 1990s. Outside that jurisdiction it is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. Regulatory status therefore differs sharply between countries, and material sold internationally may not correspond to the Russian pharmaceutical formulation. Documentation with commercial samples is typically limited to a certificate of analysis covering purity and identity, not clinical status or local legal classification.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It corresponds to the ACTH(4-7) fragment extended at the C-terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide, an addition intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and the molecular mass is approximately 814 daltons. In the literature it is often described as an ACTH(4-10) analog, although that label reflects a naming convention as much as a precise structural relationship. The compound was developed in Russia and remains most closely associated with that research tradition.
An antibody–drug conjugate consists of three components: Antibody - targets the cancer cell surface and may also elicit a therapeutic response. Payload - elicits the desired therapeutic response. Linker - attaches the payload to the antibody and should be stable in circulation only releasing the payload at the desired target. Multiple approaches to conjugation have been developed for attachment to the antibody and reviewed. DAR is the drug to antibody ratio and indicates the level of loading of the payload on the ADC.
234U occurs in natural uranium as an indirect decay product of uranium-238, but makes up only 55 parts per million of the uranium because its half-life of 245,500 years is only about 1/18,000 that of 238U. The path of production of 234U is this: 238U alpha decays to thorium-234. Next, with a short half-life, 234Th beta decays to protactinium-234. Finally, 234Pa beta decays to 234U. 234U alpha decays to thorium-230, except for a small percentage of nuclei that undergo spontaneous fission. Extraction of small amounts of 234U from natural uranium could be done using isotope separation, similar to normal uranium-enrichment. However, there is no real demand in chemistry, physics, or engineering for isolating 234U. Very small pure samples of 234U can be extracted via the chemical ion-exchange process, from samples of plutonium-238 that have aged somewhat to allow some alpha decay to 234U. Enriched uranium contains more 234U than natural uranium as a byproduct of the uranium enrichment process aimed at obtaining uranium-235, which concentrates lighter isotopes even more strongly than it does 235U. The increased percentage of 234U in enriched natural uranium is acceptable in current nuclear reactors, but (re-enriched) reprocessed uranium might contain even higher fractions of 234U, which is undesirable. This is because 234U is not fissile, though it is fertile. It tends to absorb slow neutrons in a nuclear reactor, becoming fissile 235U.
A 2021 study confirmed these findings, noting that "the protective allele of rs7170637(A) CYFIP1, [one of the genes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)], was present in primates to Neanderthals, and reemerged in modern humans, while absent in early modern humans"; "identified significant positive selection signals in 18 ASD risk SNPs"; that "ancient genome analysis identified de novo mutations...representing genes involved in cognitive function...and conserved evolutionary selection clusters"; and that "relative enrichment of the ASD risk SNPs from the respective evolutionary cluster or biological interaction networks may help in addressing the phenotypic diversity in ASD", with "cognitive genomic tradeoff signatures impacting the biological networks [explaining] the paradoxical phenotypes in ASD".
Colombia returned to CONMEBOL competition at the 1957 South American Championship in Lima, a seven-team round-robin from which Bolivia and Paraguay had withdrawn, and finished fifth with four points from six matches under coach Pedro López. Heavy defeats to Argentina (2–8) on 13 March and Brazil (0–9) on 24 March left the side with ten goals scored and 25 conceded, but two victories provided encouragement. On 17 March, Carlos Arango scored in the 28th minute to beat reigning champions Uruguay 1–0 before 50,000 spectators at the Estadio Nacional, and the campaign closed on 1 April with a 4–1 win over Ecuador in which Delio Gamboa scored twice. Arango and Gamboa finished as Colombia's joint top scorers with three goals each, while goalkeeper Efraín Sánchez and defender Francisco Zuluaga started every match after the opening fixture.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Albersheim P, Killias U (1962). "Studies relating to the purification and properties of pectin transeliminase". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 97 (1): 107–15. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(62)90050-4. PMID 13860094. Edstrom RD, Phaff HJ (1964). "Purification and Certain Properties of Pectin trans-Eliminase from Aspergillus fonsecaeus". J. Biol. Chem. 239 (8): 2403–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93866-4. PMID 14235514. Edstrom RD, Phaff HJ (1964). "Eliminative Cleavage of Pectin and of Oligogalacturonide Methyl Esters by Pectin trans-Eliminase". J. Biol. Chem. 239 (8): 2409–15. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93867-6. PMID 14235515. Nagel CW, Vaughn RH (1961). "The degradation of oligogalacturonides by the polygalacturonase of Bacillus polymyxa". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 94 (2): 328–32. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(61)90047-9. PMID 13727438. Nasuno S, Starr MP (1967). "Polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase of Xanthomonas campestris". Biochem. J. 104 (1): 178–85. doi:10.1042/bj1040178. PMC 1270559. PMID 6035509. Pickersgill R, Jenkins J (1997). "Two crystal structures of pectin lyase A from Aspergillus reveal a pH-driven conformational change and striking divergence in the substrate-binding clefts of pectin and pectate lyases". Structure. 5 (5): 677–89. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(97)00222-0. PMID 9195887.
Dunkin' Donuts changed its slogan in March 2006 to "America Runs on Dunkin'". They Might Be Giants songs were featured in a series of advertisements of new products to boost summer sales. In 2006, a series of Dunkin' Donuts commercials referred to the fictional language "Fritalian". "Is it French? Or is it Italian?" sings a chorus of customers facing a long menu of non-English terms. "Perhaps Fritalian?" was created by Hill Holliday to "poke fun at pretentious Starbucks-style coffee chains, with patrons attempting to order hard-to-pronounce lattes." The commercial was interpreted as a deliberate mocking of Starbucks. The commercials' punchline is: "Delicious lattes from Dunkin' Donuts. You order them in English." It has been a point of discussion that latte, cappuccino, and espresso are loanwords from Italian which have no equivalence in English. The commercials, however, refer to the Starbucks ordering language itself, poking fun at words such as grande and venti. Further commercials in 2007 more directly mocked Starbucks, with a customer ordering a "large" and being chastised to use the term "dieci". Rachael Ray starred in commercials for Dunkin' Donuts beginning in 2007. In May 2008, Dunkin' Donuts removed an online advertisement featuring Ray wearing a fringed black-and-white scarf, following criticism from commentator Michelle Malkin and others who claimed the garment resembled a keffiyeh and symbolized support for terrorism. Dunkin' Donuts pulled that commercial off the air, leading to criticism of the company pertaining to special interests.
More Than Real, who won the prestigious 2010 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf; Creator (part owner), who won the third jewel of the Triple Crown, the Belmont Stakes in 2016; and Pizza Bianca, a homebred filly who won the 2021 Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf. Flay served on the Breeders' Cup board of directors from 2014 to 2018.
On February 11, 2015, Newsom announced that he was opening a campaign account for governor in the 2018 elections, allowing him to raise funds for a campaign to succeed Brown as governor of California. On June 5, 2018, he finished in the top two in the nonpartisan blanket primary, and he defeated Republican John H. Cox by a landslide in the November 6 general election.
=== Celebrity Big Brother === In January 2006, Galloway appeared on the fourth series of the reality TV programme Celebrity Big Brother for nearly three weeks. During his time on the programme, he mimed licking imaginary milk, whilst pretending to be a cat, from the cupped hands of another housemate, actress Rula Lenska. He wrote later that his activities "were actually the same stunts that BBC presenters and celebs get up for Children in Need". Galloway faced a claim at the time from Hilary Armstrong, Labour's Chief Whip, that he should "respect his constituents, not his ego". Ron McKay, his spokesman and friend, said of the imaginary milk incident: "I rather wish he hadn't been given that particularly silly task". It had been assumed, McKay said, that Galloway's comments about politics would not be cut. Just after his eviction, Galloway told presenter Davina McCall he was positive about having taken part, although when asked if he was "glad" to have participated, he said: "Not after I've seen those press cuttings." Galloway wrote in a column for The Independent newspaper in November 2012 that his "antics on Big Brother" had "raised tens of thousands of pounds for the charity Interpal" and paid for an "extra caseworker in my constituency".
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== History == Groups of grape pits dated to 8000 BCE show early evidence of juice production, although it is thought that the grapes may have been alternatively used to produce wine. One of the first regularly produced juices was lemonade, which appeared in 16th-century Italy as an import after its conception in the Middle East. Orange juice originated in the 17th century. In the 18th century, James Lind linked citrus fruits to the prevention of scurvy, which, a century later, led to the implementation of the Merchant Shipping Act 1867, requiring all ocean-bound British ships to carry citrus-based juice on board. In 1869, a dentist by the name of Thomas B. Welch developed a pasteurization method that allowed for the storage of juice without the juice fermenting into alcohol. His method involved filtering squeezed grape juice into bottles, sealing them with cork and wax, and then placing them in boiling water. This method kills the yeast responsible for fermentation. He then sold his new product as "Dr. Welch's Unfermented Wine". In the late 18th-century United States, the circulation of foreign fruit juices was heavily regulated by tariffs. The McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 increased import taxes from 38 to 49.5 percent and set taxes on fruit juices based on the alcohol content of the drink. Juices with 18% or less alcohol were taxed at 60 cents per gallon, while anything above 18% was taxed at US$2.50 per proof gallon.
President Aoun, who assumed office in January 2025, aims to consolidate all arms under state control and plans to initiate talks with Hezbollah amid growing domestic and international pressure. The 2024 conflict with Israel significantly weakened Hezbollah, resulting in the loss of key leaders and a substantial portion of its arsenal. A U.S.-brokered ceasefire requires the Lebanese army to dismantle unauthorized military facilities, particularly south of the Litani River. While Hezbollah may consider transferring its heaviest weapons to the army, it insists that Israel must first meet its demands. Discussions are underway among various Lebanese political leaders and institutions, including Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri and the Maronite Church. The U.S. has reiterated its call for Hezbollah's disarmament, and several Lebanese ministers advocate for a disarmament timetable based on post-civil war precedents. Hezbollah maintains it no longer has an armed presence south of the Litani, though Israel disputes this, accusing the group of retaining military infrastructure. Hezbollah emphasized diplomacy but warned of other options if Israel does not comply. In July 2025, it was reported that Hezbollah had lost 10,000 fighters during the war, and that its military capabilities had also deteriorated significantly. Israel's efforts against Hezbollah have focused on its military assets as well as its finances, with an emphasis on the estimated $700 million directed from Iran each year through intermediaries that accounted for most of Hezbollah's annual operating budget.
The adipokines, or adipocytokines (Greek adipo-, fat; cytos-, cell; and -kinos, movement) are cytokines (cell signaling proteins) secreted by adipose tissue. Some contribute to an obesity-related low-grade state of inflammation or to the development of metabolic syndrome, a constellation of diseases including, but not limited to, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The first adipokine to be discovered was leptin in 1994. Since that time, hundreds of adipokines have been discovered. Members include: Leptin Adiponectin Apelin chemerin interleukin-6 (IL-6) monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) tumor necrosis factor visfatin omentin vaspin (SERPINA12) progranulin CTRP-4 Interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and inducible protein 10 (IP-10 or CXCL10) have been shown to be associated with excessive body weight. Adipose tissue Hepatokines Myokines Adipokines at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
The first Team Fortress was a mod for Quake (1996), developed by TF Software Pty. Ltd. In June 1998, Valve announced it had acquired TF Software to create a Team Fortress game as a mod for Valve's 1998 game Half-Life. After several delays, Team Fortress Classic was released on April 7, 1999. On June 9, 2000, Valve released Team Fortress 1.5 as a part of Half-Life's 1.1 update. It was the first standalone version of Team Fortress. The update added "new sounds and weapons, enhanced graphics, new models for classes and weapons, new maps from popular mapmakers, an updated user interface that makes finding and joining games easy and intuitive, and a new in-game Command Menu Interface". It also included a new in-game interface and the networking code for Valve's upcoming Team Fortress 2. There were three new maps with the update: Dustbowl, Warpath, and Epicenter. A new menu allowed players to execute commands to change teams, call for a medic and change classes while in a match. Valve updated Team Fortress over time, tweaking the networking code, and adding new maps and game modes. In 2003, Team Fortress Classic was distributed via Valve's Steam system. Versions for OS X and Linux were released in 2013.
== Pharmacokinetics == The absolute bioavailability of lobeglitazone is about 95% in rat. In human, the mean steady state clearance (CLss/F) was 1.13 L/h across in 1 to 4 mg dose range. In the dose range, the mean half-life was 10.3 h. Urine excretion was negligible amount in elimination of lobeglitazone in rat and human. The plasma protein binding of the drug is over 99%. The average blood-to-plasma concentration ratio was 0.636. The unbound fraction of lobeglitazone in microsomal incubation medium was 0.479. Lobeglitazone was primarily distributed to the liver with tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio as 5.59, and less to heart, lung, and fat. The tissue to plasma concentration ratios were ranged from about 0.25 to 4.0 for major tissues, in rat. Among six major membrane transporters recommended by the United States Food and Drug Administration, lobeglitazone interacts with OATP1B1, OAT3, and MDR1. In vitro, lobeglitazone was a substrate of rodent OATP1B2. Lobeglitazone interacted with CYP1A2, 2C9 and 2C19. Distribution to liver of lobeglitazone was inhibited by atorvastatin, in rats.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide built from the ACTH(4-7) sequence plus a Pro-Gly-Pro tail. It belongs to the family of short ACTH fragments studied for nervous-system effects. Its backbone contains only standard amino acids.
It contains the 4-7 fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone extended at the C terminus. That truncation removes the region associated with steroidogenic activity. The design intent was to keep neurotrophic properties while avoiding full hormonal effects.
No natural source of the intact heptapeptide is known. It is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Some related ACTH fragments arise as hormone processing products, but the Pro-Gly-Pro extension is a designed addition rather than a natural sequence.
一般不建议常温长期保存。多数说明指向 -20 °C 冷冻避光。常温运输通常被视为短期可接受，但会加快降解风险。