ACTH(4-10) raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
Reviewed 2026-07-03. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Terminology around the compound varies by source. It appears in catalogues and papers as Semax, as the heptapeptide ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro, and under various alphanumeric laboratory codes used by individual suppliers. These names refer to the same sequence but may imply different salt forms, purity grades, or counter-ions. Peptide databases usually list the free base mass, while product descriptions sometimes report acetate or trifluoroacetate salts with a different formula weight. Because naming conventions for research peptides are not standardised across vendors, checking the declared sequence and measured mass is more reliable than relying on a trade name alone.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its design combines the ACTH(4-7) core fragment with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension, a modification intended to improve stability and prolong activity. The molecule is hydrophilic, carries no lipid chains or glycosylation, and has a theoretical mass just over 810 daltons in its free form. All seven residues are proteinogenic amino acids, so no non-natural building blocks appear in the backbone. A free N-terminal methionine and C-terminal proline define the unmodified parent peptide.
Development of the compound took place in the Soviet Union during the 1980s, largely through peptide research groups affiliated with the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute and Moscow State University. Investigators screened fragments of adrenocorticotropic hormone for activity on the central nervous system while attempting to separate cognitive effects from hormonal ones. The shortened sequence was selected because it retained behavioral activity in animal models without stimulating corticosteroid release. Early publications described the molecule as an ACTH(4-10) analog.
Published research on this peptide originates mainly from Russian laboratories, and the wider international literature is comparatively thin. Studies have used rodent models of stroke, hypoxia, and memory tasks, with a smaller number of human trials reported. Reported outcomes include changes in attention and memory measures, along with effects on neurotrophic factor expression in some experiments. Small sample sizes, inconsistent dosing protocols, and limited independent replication are widely noted limitations, so the strength of the clinical evidence remains an open question.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic heptapeptide | ACTH(4-7) analogue |
| Sequence | Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro | Free N terminus, unmodified side chains |
| Molecular weight | 813.9 Da | Free base; salt forms differ |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilised solid |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water | Hydrophilic; polar solvents preferred |
The compound is registered in Russia as a pharmaceutical product, most commonly formulated as a nasal solution, and has been used in that setting since the 1990s. Outside that jurisdiction it is generally handled as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. Regulatory status therefore differs sharply between countries, and material sold internationally may not correspond to the Russian pharmaceutical formulation. Documentation with commercial samples is typically limited to a certificate of analysis covering purity and identity, not clinical status or local legal classification.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. It corresponds to the ACTH(4-7) fragment extended at the C-terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide, an addition intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The molecular formula is C37H51N9O10S and the molecular mass is approximately 814 daltons. In the literature it is often described as an ACTH(4-10) analog, although that label reflects a naming convention as much as a precise structural relationship. The compound was developed in Russia and remains most closely associated with that research tradition.
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its chain combines the first seven residues of corticotropin with a C-terminal proline-glycine-proline extension, a modification intended to slow enzymatic breakdown. The free peptide has a molecular mass near 813.9 daltons. It belongs to the class of ACTH-derived fragments studied for central nervous system activity rather than for adrenal steroid stimulation. This structural relationship to a natural hormone fragment is the usual starting point for describing the compound in the literature.
Development took place during the 1980s at institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where peptide fragments of ACTH were screened for cognitive and neuroprotective effects. The compound received regulatory approval in Russia as a nasal preparation, marketed for conditions such as ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attacks, and optic nerve disorders. Registration in other countries has not followed. Most published clinical reports originate from a small number of Russian research groups, and independent replication outside that setting remains limited. The regulatory status therefore differs sharply between Russia and the rest of the world.
=== Chemistry of hydrogen exchange === One of the major complications in studying hydrogen isotopes is the issue of exchangeability. At many time scales, ranging from hours to geological epochs, scientists have to consider if the hydrogen moieties in studied molecules are the original species or if they represent exchange with water or mineral hydrogen near by. Research in this area is still inconclusive in regards to rates of exchange, but it is generally understood that hydrogen exchange complicates the preservation of information in isotope studies.
==== Third wave ==== On April 9, 2021, Ford received his first dose of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine at a local pharmacy in Toronto, and encouraged eligible Ontarians to get vaccinated. Amid growing case numbers in mid-2021, the government moved to introduce a third province-wide stay-at-home order. As part of the response, Ford announced on April 16, 2021, that outdoor amenities including playgrounds would be closed, and that he would be authorizing police to require pedestrians and drivers to explain why they are not at home and provide their home address and other relevant details. The regulations raised concerns about a re-legalization of carding. The government experienced significant backlash with the new enforcement measures, with some commentators – such as the National Post's Randall Denley, a former PC politician – equating the province to a "police state" Members of the Ontario COVID-19 Science Table described the new restrictions as "absolute madness", and not based on science questioning the need to restrict "safe options from people as you do nothing to impact the places where the disease is spreading". After dozens of police services across the province announced that they would refuse to enforce the new measures, Ford promptly rolled back the new enforcement provisions the next day and reopened playgrounds, while keeping other outdoor amenities closed.
Other comorbidities may also be the root cause of venous ulcers. It is in the crus that the classic venous stasis ulcer occurs. Venous stasis results from damage to the venous valvular system in the lower extremity and, in extreme cases, allows the pressure in the veins to be higher than the pressure in the arteries. This pressure results in transudation of inflammatory mediators into the subcutaneous tissues of the lower extremity and subsequent breakdown of the tissue, including the skin. Wounds of the distal lower extremities arising from causes not directly related to venous insufficiency (e.g., scratch, bite, burn, or surgical incision) may ultimately fail to heal if underlying (often undiagnosed) venous disease is not properly addressed.
== History == The All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives traces its origins to the former Central Cooperation Administration, founded by central government in November 1949. The first representative conference of all cooperative workers in China was held in July 1950, and the conference passed documents such as the "Law of the People's Republic of China on Cooperatives (Draft)" (中华人民共和国合作社法（草案）) and the "Articles of Association of the All China Federation of Cooperatives (Draft)" (中华全国合作社联合总社章程（草案）). The All-China Federation of Cooperatives (中华全国合作社联合总社) was established, which unified the leadership and management of supply and marketing, production, fisheries, handicrafts, consumption, and credit cooperatives throughout the whole country. The All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives became a member of the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) on 14 August 1985.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
continued beta cell death following diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (honeymoon period) growth spurts particularly during puberty weight gain or loss any drug treatment that affects insulin sensitivity (e.g. corticosteroids) eating, sleeping, or exercise routine changes whenever the control over hyperglycemia is degrading and according to the seasons. A pump user should be educated by their diabetes care professional about basal rate determination before beginning pump therapy.
In most single-tablet, over-the-counter, daily vitamin and mineral supplements, zinc is included in such forms as zinc oxide, zinc acetate, zinc gluconate, or zinc amino acid chelate. Generally, zinc supplement is recommended where there is high risk of zinc deficiency (such as low and middle income countries) as a preventive measure. Although zinc sulfate is a commonly used zinc form, zinc citrate, gluconate and picolinate may be valid options as well. These forms are better absorbed than zinc oxide.
Peptide 021 (Ac-DGGLAG-NH2, P021, GLXC-21260) is a synthetic peptide derivative that is derived from a 4-amino acid active fragment of ciliary neurotrophic factor, which has been substituted with an unnatural adamantane based amino acid residue on the end of the chain. This substitution is highly lipophilic and facilitates transport of the molecule across the blood-brain barrier. It has neurotrophic effects and enhances neurogenesis, and has been investigated for treatment of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
=== Conservation === Arapaima are particularly vulnerable to overfishing because of their size and because they must surface periodically to breathe. Some 7000 tons per year were taken from 1918 to 1924, the height of commercial arapaima fishing; demand led to farming of the fish by native ribeirinhos. As efforts at restricting catches were largely unsuccessful, arapaima fishing was banned outright in Brazil in 1996, due to declining populations. Indeed, a 2014 study found that the fish were depleted or overexploited at 93% of the sites examined and well-managed or unfished in only 7%; the fish appeared to be extirpated in 19% of these sites. The status of the arapaima population in the Amazon River Basin is unknown, hence it is listed on the IUCN red list as data deficient. Conducting a population census in so large an area is difficult, as is monitoring catches in a trade that was once largely unregulated. Since 1999, both subsistence and commercial fishing have been permitted in specially designated areas under a sophisticated sustainable management strategy. This approach has led to massive recovery of once-depleted stocks; in a sampling of 10 areas conducted using traditional counting methods, the population was found to have grown from 2,500 in 1999 to over 170,000 in 2017. Colombia only bans fishing and consumption of the arapaima between 1 October and 15 March, during breeding season.
== Uses == iRGD peptides have been shown to increase accumulation and penetration of anticancer drugs into tumors, but not into normal tissues – whether the drug is coupled to the peptide or given together with it. iRGD-mediated increased penetration and anti-cancer efficacy have been demonstrated with a variety of anti-cancer small molecules, nanoparticles and antibodies. Lisata Therapeutics Inc. is currently testing iRGD-based therapy called certepetide (aka LSTA1; CEND-1) in clinical studies in solid-tumor patients. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) awarded certepetide orphan drug status in 2019, and fast-track designation in 2020.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
==== 2026 Iran war ==== Kiggans has strongly supported the Trump administration in the 2026 Iran war, also known as Operation Epic Fury. Kiggans stated in March 2026 that the goals of the war include "destroying Iran's ballistic missile capability, destroying their navy, and destroying their ability to have nuclear weapons." In June 2026, Kiggans voted against a war powers resolution that would have limited the president's ability to wage war in Iran without congressional consent.
I am ready to meet all our politicians; we have to work together for the common good of Serbia, and to be friends in the name of the future of our country. I appeal for the end of the continuous political wrangling, division and arguments. I appeal for mature democratic debate in the interest of Serbia. Serbia must have clear and realistic objectives. In 2011, an online open access poll by Serbian middle-market tabloid newspaper Blic showed that 64% of Serbians support restoring the monarchy. Another poll in May 2013 had 39% of Serbians supporting the monarchy, with 32% against it. The public also had reservations with Alexander's apparent lack of knowledge of the Serbian language. On 27 July 2015, newspaper Blic published a poll "Da li Srbija treba da bude monarhija?" ("Should Serbia be a monarchy?"); 49.8% respondents expressed support in a reconstitution of monarchy, 44.6% were opposed and 5.5% were indifferent. In 2017, an NGO, the Kingdom of Serbia Association, announced that in 2016, they had collected over 123,000 signatures of support for a referendum on Alexander being named king, short of the 150,000 needed to force a constitutional amendment.
== Other aspects and examples == In the CCS system, carbon chain lengths are denoted by celestial stems (甲 jiǎ, 乙 yǐ, 丙 bǐng, 丁 dīng, 戊 wù, 己 jǐ, 庚 gēng, 辛 xīn, 壬 rén, 癸 guǐ), characters used since the Shang dynasty (16th–11th centuries BCE) for naming days (and later, to name years). For example, hexane is 己烷 jǐwán, since 己 jǐ is the sixth celestial stem. Longer carbon chains are specified by number followed by '碳' tàn 'carbon'. For example, 1-hexadecene is 1-十六碳烯 (read as [1, yī] [-, wèi] [十六, shíliù, '16'] [碳, tàn] [烯, xī]), where the hyphen is read as 位 (wèi, 'position'). For a more complex example, consider 3-buten-1-ol. Its Chinese name is 3-丁烯-1-醇 (read as [3, sān] [-, wèi] [丁, dīng] [烯, xī] [1, yī] [-, wèi] [醇, chún]). The descriptors for degree of substitution, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, are translated as 伯 (bó), 仲 (zhòng), 叔 (shū), 季 (jì), which refer to the first, second, third, and fourth male siblings in a family. For instance, tert-butyllithium is translated as 叔丁基锂 ([叔, shū, 'tert'], [丁, dīng, 'but-'], [基, jī, 'yl'], [锂, lǐ, 'lithium']). Other commonly used isomeric descriptors normal-, iso-, and neo- are translated as 正 (zhèng, 'proper'), 异 (yì, 'different'), and 新 (xīn, 'new'), respectively. The numerical prefix bis- is translated as 双 (shuāng, 'double'), while larger multiplicities are simply given by the Chinese word for the number (e.g., 四 (sì, 'four') for tetrakis-). For example, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium is rendered 四(三苯基膦)钯, in which 三苯基膦 is triphenylphosphine and 钯 is palladium.
=== Promoter escape === RNA polymerase then starts to synthesize the initial DNA-RNA heteroduplex, with ribonucleotides base-paired to the template DNA strand according to Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions. As noted above, RNA polymerase makes contacts with the promoter region. However these stabilizing contacts inhibit the enzyme's ability to access DNA further downstream and thus the synthesis of the full-length product. In order to continue RNA synthesis, RNA polymerase must escape the promoter. It must maintain promoter contacts while unwinding more downstream DNA for synthesis, "scrunching" more downstream DNA into the initiation complex. During the promoter escape transition, RNA polymerase is considered a "stressed intermediate." Thermodynamically the stress accumulates from the DNA-unwinding and DNA-compaction activities. Once the DNA-RNA heteroduplex is long enough (~10 bp), RNA polymerase releases its upstream contacts and effectively achieves the promoter escape transition into the elongation phase. The heteroduplex at the active center stabilizes the elongation complex. However, promoter escape is not the only outcome. RNA polymerase can also relieve the stress by releasing its downstream contacts, arresting transcription. The paused transcribing complex has two options: (1) release the nascent transcript and begin anew at the promoter or (2) re-establish a new 3′-OH on the nascent transcript at the active site via RNA polymerase's catalytic activity and recommence DNA scrunching to achieve promoter escape.
Transthoracic echocardiography is not recommended in the evaluation of aortic dissections owing to its limited ability to evaluate the aortic arch, the descending aorta or the blood vessels branching from the aorta. Its sensitivity may be further reduced in patients with obesity or lung emphysema. Transthoracic echocardiography has high sensitivity in evaluating the aortic root and proximal ascending aorta. It can also be done at bedside and no sedation is required. It may also identify complications of aortic dissection including heart failure, pericardial effusion with possible cardiac tamponade, and aortic valve regurgitation or other valve disorders. Transesophageal echocardiography has a sensitivity of 96.8% and specificity of 100% in the diagnosis of aortic dissections. It is also able to assess the descending aorta in the thorax. It can also assess the aortic valve and other heart valves, as well as assess the true lumen or false lumin of aortic dissections, which can help guide surgical repair planning and options. Transesophageal echocardiography requires the person to be sedated.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic seven-amino-acid peptide built from the ACTH(4-7) sequence plus a Pro-Gly-Pro tail. It belongs to the family of short ACTH fragments studied for nervous-system effects. Its backbone contains only standard amino acids.
It contains the 4-7 fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone extended at the C terminus. That truncation removes the region associated with steroidogenic activity. The design intent was to keep neurotrophic properties while avoiding full hormonal effects.
No natural source of the intact heptapeptide is known. It is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Some related ACTH fragments arise as hormone processing products, but the Pro-Gly-Pro extension is a designed addition rather than a natural sequence.
It is a synthetic peptide of seven amino acids. Its backbone corresponds to a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone extended at the carboxyl end. The material is distributed as a lyophilized solid for laboratory use.